đź“‹ Changes in this PR: The following chapters have been modified: On this page, Chapter 9: Measurement Bias, Chapter 11: Why Model?, On this page, On this page, On this page, On this page, On this page, Chapter 16: Instrumental Variable Estimation, On this page, Chapter 19: Time-Varying Treatments, On this page, Chapter 1: A Definition of Causal Effect, On this page, Chapter 22: Target Trial Emulation, On this page, On this page, On this page, On this page, Chapter 20: Treatment-Confounder Feedback, Chapter 21: G-Methods for Time-Varying Treatments, On this page, Chapter 12: IP Weighting and Marginal Structural Models, Chapter 6: Graphical Representation of Causal Effects, On this page, On this page, Chapter 13: Standardization and the Parametric G-Formula, On this page, On this page, On this page, Chapter 2: Randomized Experiments, Chapter 23: Causal Mediation, Chapter 3: Observational Studies, Chapter 15: Outcome Regression and Propensity Scores, On this page, Chapter 14: G-Estimation of Structural Nested Models, Chapter 5: Interaction, Chapter 10: Random Variability, Chapter 4: Effect Modification, On this page, Chapter 18: Variable Selection for Causal Inference, On this page, On this page
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What If? - Lecture Notes

Published

Last modified: 2026-05-04 08:24:22 (UTC)

Welcome

This is a Quarto book project based on the textbook “What If?” by Miguel Hernán and James Robins.

The notes are available in multiple formats:

  • HTML Book: Navigate using the sidebar for a traditional book reading experience
  • RevealJS Slides: Each chapter also generates a presentation format with -slides.html suffix
  • PDF Handouts: Each chapter generates a PDF handout with -handout.pdf suffix
  • DOCX Documents: Each chapter generates a Microsoft Word document with .docx extension

0.1 About this project

These lecture notes follow the structure and content from What If? by Hernán MA, Robins JM.

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